Handbook

Handbook

Here you will find detailed answers and definitions

We will try to answer some questions in detail and give calculation formulas and definitions of some economic multipliers

Our service

In our service, you will find the latest information about the companies located in the S&P 500 index

Why are only S&P500 companies in portfolio rank?
We believe that investing your savings is better in the highest quality companies in the world. The securities market has an increased risk, and we want to reduce it as much as possible, but with a slightly higher yield than “risk-free” investments. Companies in the S&P 500 have the highest risk and profitability requirements.

Our Investment Rules

These are our essential rules and advice that we strongly recommend newcomers to the investment world to read and strictly comply with them before making any decisions

So, you are reading this, which means that you are ready to invest (or just think so) where to start?

Congratulations to you now, why? According to statistics, you are included in 3% of people reading instructions on the site. So then you will succeed.

Do you already have a brokerage account and now you need to determine how much you want to invest?
The following things need to be kept in mind:
1. When deciding how much money to invest, remember it shouldn’t be substantial amounts of money, and you shouldn’t spend all you got.
2. Start with a smaller amount at first, you can always allocate more.
3. Remember that the key to successful investments is time. Be prepared to invest for at least 5-10 years, and the longer, the better.
4. You are an investor, not a trader. It’s different people with a different psychology, and being an investor requires a different approach.

Read it? Get +10 to your karma.

So, you’ve decided how much you’re willing to invest. Great, what’s next?
1. Start getting to know your company. Get acquainted with the products or services it provides and read the latest news about it.
2. You are interested in the company, and you have an idea of how it works and would like to lead this company, or maybe you even have ideas for improving its business. Great, you’re ready to buy a part of this company, but take your time and write down its name or ticker symbol on a piece of paper.
3. Start choosing and researching the next company.
4. Write down on a piece of paper only those companies whose business model you understand or whose products (services) you use in your life.
5. At the first stage, you need to select at least 20 companies from 5 different sectors (industries), i.e. four companies in each sector.

All done? Get +10 to your karma.

Now you have a list of at least 20 companies, and you would like to own some of them:
1. Start full-scale research on the company. Our service will guide you through the process, step by step.

2. Look closely at the data in the following charts:

2.1. Whether revenue is growing or staying the same (deviations of up to +/- 5% are possible)

2.2. Whether the net profit is growing or staying the same

2.3. Look at operating cash flow and free cash flow     

2.4. Look at the company assets chart and most importantly its debt ratio

2.5. Etc…

We tried to make the charts intuitive, but the main point is that you should pay attention to those companies that show growth for at least the last three years. It’s even better when it shows positive dynamics over five years, and the perfect outcome is the continued growth for ten years

3. Compare the multiples of the company to the sector

4. Look at whether the company pays dividends and whether the dividend yield is high or not. Pay particular attention to it and keep an eye on those companies whose yield is greater than 3% over ten years, and the dividend has been growing for five years

5. Look at third-party analyst recommendations and the overall portfolio valuation from our analysts

6. Look at the fair value and identify at what level it currently is. Remember, you need to look for undervalued companies with dividend income

7. Select at least 10 of what you consider to be the best performing companies from 5 different sectors

For this job you get +10 to your karma.

You have selected at least 10 excellent companies from 5 different sectors:

1. You know the price of each share, and you know your budget, now it is easy to calculate the number of shares for each company you’re going to buy.

Remember, you allocate no more than 10% of your budget on each purchase.

2. Now you can open your broker’s trading terminal and start buying the shares on your list.

Don’t forget about possible commissions from your broker when making transactions.

Is done. Now we congratulate you, you have become an investor and the owner of a part of these 10 companies, keep +10 more to your karma.

Well, you did it, but now we want to add the following:

1. After buying shares, you need to keep an eye on the company, its development and performance. Remember that you have already bought a part of this company at your price, now you can’t influence the share price. Now it’s time for other people to buy and sell.

2. Be patient and do not panic, if the stock price suddenly dropped. It’s OK because the market always goes up and down. Besides, there is a lot of noise in the financial market that usually affects the stock price in the short term.

The only thing that matters is financial statements!

3. Track your stock portfolio. Try to review the portfolio when the share price has reached its fair value (at the time of the financial report release, we will recalculate and define a new fair value).

4. Try to benefit from companies’ dividends and buy shares of the same company or invest in new ones.

5. Remember that having 30 companies from different sectors is enough to diversify your portfolio. You increase risk when the number of companies is small and decrease it when you grow your portfolio. But remember, it affects the portfolio’s overall profitability.

6. Don’t invest in stocks of companies you don’t know.

Remember, unless you desire to buy the whole company, you don’t need to buy even a small part of it.

Well, for reading this, you still have +10 in karma.

1. Invest wisely and do not panic.
2. Don’t invest, if you expect to need your money in a month or a year.
3. Only buy shares in a company of which you want to become a part owner and that you already know from your experiences.
4. There is no perfect investment strategy.
5. You must be prepared for any stock market decline.
6. The stock market constantly goes up and down.
7. Always reinvest the profits you make.
8. Never take out a loan to invest.
9. Always keep a small amount of money in your account.
10. Try to choose undervalued companies, it will increase your chances.

Company Assets

Assets are an important indicator of company reporting.

It is very important to look at the dynamics of the company’s assets, at best, look over the past 10 years. The growth of assets indicates the development of the company as a whole and, as a consequence, the increase in the value of a share, while a decrease in assets will suggest possible difficulties or stagnation of the company, which will lead to a decrease in the value of shares. At the same time, the lack of asset growth probably indicates stability.

Company Revenue

Revenue are an next important indicator of company reporting.

Just like the Assets of a company, it is very important to look at the dynamics of Revenue over 10 years. The decrease in Revenue from year to year indicates an inevitable fall in the value of a share, and vice versa — a rise in Revenue indicates an increase in the value of a share. The faster the revenue changes, the faster the stock price responds. For us, Revenue is very important when evaluating a company.

Company Earnings

Earnings are also an important indicator in company reporting.

Any company has one goal – maximum profit (Earnings). Profit growth – rising stock value, high dividends. Profit growth suggests a high efficiency of the company, opportunities to develop further, allows you to invest part or all of the profits in the company’s capital. However, companies are different and if the company sends 70-100% of the profits to pay dividends, then there is no need to talk about profit growth and further development. Always compare and see the dynamics of the company’s profits. Remember the decline in profits is not a loss, but allows you to think about efficiency. It is also worth understanding that it is important to see the profit from the main activity of the company, and not a one-time asset sale or revaluation.

Company Debt Ratio

The company’s Debt ratio is one of the important indicators of the risk level of the company and constitutes the company’s Assets.

Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets

It is important to see what proportion of the debt has in the total assets of the company. The indicator does not indicate the quality of the company, it informs us about the risk of the company. As a rule, they are divided into the following values for the company’s debt and risk level:
Debt < 0.45 – good level of risk;
Debt = 0.46-0.6 – medium risk;
Debt = 0.61-0.8 – high risk;
Debt > 0.81 – very high risk level
It is very important to track the dynamics of the indicator.

Beta Coefficient

The beta coefficient is a measure of volatility or a systematic risk for an individual stock compared to unsystematic risk for the entire market.

Beta = Covariance (Re, Rm) / Variance (Rm)

The beta calculation is used to help investors understand whether a stock moves in the same direction as the rest of the market, and how volatile or risky it is compared to the market. A stock’s beta or beta coefficient is a measure of a stock or portfolio’s level of systematic and unsystematic risk based on in its prior performance. A beta that is greater than 1 indicates that the security’s price is theoretically more volatile than the market.

Price Earnings Ratio (P/E)

The most popular company value multiplier.  P/E ratio is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its per share earnings (EPS). The price earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.

P/E = Market Value per Share / Earnings per Share

A low P/E value indicates that stocks are relatively cheap compared to their earnings, a high figure indicates the opposite. For example, the value P/E = 10 means that while maintaining the current profit, the investment will pay off in 10 years. But you need to understand that the profit over the years may decrease or increase, hence the value of P/E will be different. A company can show a one-time loss or successfully sell an asset, so it is also important to watch the dynamics of the multiplier. The average level of the multiplier varies by sector and the P/E value should always be compared with companies from the same sector or industry.

In our calculations, we use the average P/E for the year.

Earnings per share (EPS)

Earnings per share (EPS) is the portion of a company’s profit allocated to each share of common stock. The EPS shows how much profit falls on one share of a company without its value.

EPS = (Net Income – Dividends On Preferred Stock) / Average Outstanding Shares

You should always look at the dynamics of the multiplier change over the years, thus you will see the dynamics of the company’s profits and it is especially important that the indicator takes into account changes in the number of shares of the company itself, since the company can buy out its shares or, on the contrary, increase their number. The multiplier is in no way connected with the share price itself and it clearly shows how much profit one share of the company brings.

Price book Ratio (P/B)

Also popular multiplier among analysts. P/B is a ratio used to compare a stock’s market value to its book value.

P/B = Market Price per Share / Book Value per Share

The Price Book ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value. The market value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company. It is considered an ideal P/B = 1, this suggests that the share price is equal to the capital of the company and is fair. If the P/B is more than 1, then the shares are overvalued, less than 1 – undervalued. But with all this, you need to carefully look at the company, because technology companies, pharmaceutical companies, for example, do not need large capital, but they can show high net profit. P/B does not apply to many modern companies, it is necessary only in cases where large expenditures are required in the company’s capital. Also this multiplier does not speak about the effectiveness of the company, only about its value.

Return on Assets (ROA)

ROA shows us how effectively management uses its assets for profit. 

ROA = Net Income / Avg 2Yr Total Assets

Return on assets (ROA) is an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. Imagine that the company ROA = 25, which means that a company will earn 25 cents or 25% for one invested dollar. It is necessary to compare ROA companies within a sector or industry because companies in one industry, for example, in technology and oil refining, will have different components of assets. It is recommended to track the dynamics of the ROA. If the rate drops, something is wrong with efficiency. A company with a negative ROA cannot be evaluated against other stocks with positive ROA ratios.

Return on Equity (ROE)

ROE shows us how effectively management uses its assets for profit excluding liabilities.

ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholder’s Equity

ROE shows how much profit the company receives with the invested money of the shareholders. ROE is considered a measure of how effectively management uses its assets for profit. In essence, ROE only measures a company’s return on capital, excluding liabilities. Thus, ROA takes into account the company’s debt, but ROE does not. The more leverage and debt the company has, the higher the ROE will be relative to ROA. High ROE – better efficiency of the company. ROE must look in dynamics. And just like ROA, compare companies within the sector. A company with a negative ROE cannot be evaluated against other stocks with positive ROE ratios.

EBITDA

EBITDA is an estimate of the company’s operating profitability as a percentage of total revenue.

EBITDA = Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold – Operating Expenses + Depreciation & Amortization Expense

or 

EBITDA = Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortization

EBITDA, or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, is a measure of a company’s overall financial performance and is used as an alternative to simple earnings or net income in some circumstances. It is a non-GAAP metric in that it is not a recognized metric in use by IFRS or US GAAP. Some investors, such as Warren Buffet, have a particular disdain for this indicator, since it does not take into account the depreciation of company assets. But this is not only the case: in addition to depreciation, this indicator does not take into account taxes (and they are different in countries), interest on loans (also different). If you compare companies for this indicator, do not forget to compare them for Net Profit.

Enterprise Value (EV)

EV is a measure of the total value of a company, often used as a more complete alternative to stock market capitalization.

EV = Market Cap + Debt – Cash and Equivalents

EV includes in its calculation the market capitalization of a company but also short-term and long-term debt as well as any cash on the company’s balance sheet. Enterprise value is a popular metric used to value a company for a potential takeover. EV includes in its calculations the market capitalization of the company, short-term and long-term loans, as well as any funds on the company’s balance sheet. Analysts do not have a clear opinion on the preference of the indicator E/V or P/E. They can be used together in determining the value of the company.

EV/EBITDA Ratio

The EV / EBITDA is used as a valuation tool to compare the value of a company, including debt, with a company’s cash income minus non-cash expenses.

The EV/EBITDA metric is ideal for analysts and investors looking to compare companies within the same industry. The ratio may be more useful than the P/E ratio when comparing firms with different degrees of financial leverage. EV/EBITDA varies by industry, typically averaging 11 to 14 over the past few years. As a rule, an EV/EBITDA value below 10 is interpreted by analysts as good.

Operating Cash Flow (OCF)

OCF shows how much cash flow is generated from the business operations without regard to secondary sources of revenue like interest or investments.

OCF = Operating Income + Depreciation – Taxes + Change in Working Capital

OCF is an efficiency calculation that measures the cash that a business produces from its principal operations and business activities by subtracting operating expenses from total revenues. This is an important measurement because it allows investors and creditors to see how successful a company’s operations are and if the company is making enough money from its primary activities to maintain and grow the company. Cash flows are not easy to manipulate. Everything is simple here – the company earns money and spends money and the main thing is that the money spent should be as little as possible earned. We recommend to look closely at this indicator over time, a negative value is unacceptable.

Free Cash Flow (FCF)

FCF represents the cash a company generates after cash outflows to support operations and maintain its capital assets.

FCF = Operating Cash Flow – Capital Expenditures (CAPEX)

Unlike Earnings or Net Income, free cash flow (FCF) is a measure of profitability that excludes the non-cash expenses of the income statement and includes spending on equipment and assets as well as changes in working capital. Free cash flow is the cash flow available to all the investors in a company, including common stockholders, pref shareholders, and lenders. The more FCF the better for the company. It is necessary to track the dynamics.

Price to Cash Flow (P/CF)

P/CF is a profitability ratio that compares the price of a company to the underlying cash flow.

P/CF = Price per Share / Operating Cash Flow per Share

or 

PCF = Market Cap / Operating Cash Flow

P / CF adjusts for all non-cash items and provides a picture of the main cash generated by the business. Thus, the P / CF ratio compares the cash flow of a business with its market value in order to demonstrate whether the estimate is reasonable or not. P/CF is an excellent indicator of evaluating companies that have a positive cash flow, but may have a negative cash income due to large non-cash items. On the other hand, this ratio becomes useless if the company does not generate positive cash flows.

Dividend Payout Ratio

The percentage of profits paid to shareholders in the form of dividends.

Payout Ratio = Dividend per share (DPS) / Earnings per share (EPS) * 100

The dividend payout ratio measures the percentage of net profit that is distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends during the year. Payout Ratio shows the portion of profits the company decides to keep to fund operations and the portion of profits that is given to its shareholders. Many companies do not pay dividends, and net income capitalized fully. Since investors want to see a steady stream of sustainable dividends from a company, the dividend payout ratio analysis is important. A consistent trend in this ratio is usually more important than a high or low ratio.

Dividend Yield

The dividend yield is a financial ratio tells what percentage return a company pays out to shareholders in the form of dividends.

Dividend Yield = Cash Dividend per Share / Price Per Share

Investors invest their money in stocks to earn a return either by dividends or stock appreciation. Some companies choose to pay dividends on a regular basis to spur investors’ interest. These shares are often called income stocks. Other companies choose not to issue dividends and instead reinvest this money in the business. These shares are often called growth stocks. A high or low dividend yield is relative to the industry of the company. A good company has a dividend yield is always growing or remains unchanged. See the dynamics of dividend yield.

In our calculations, we use the average price per year.

ShareAnalyse Rating

Here we show the overall rating of the company.

The basis of our rating is the audited statements of the company. We mainly use the our modification of Piotroski F-score, fundamental analysis of the company, which allows us to judge about historical reports, fundamental news and development dynamics. We also pay attention to the expectations and opinions of other analysts, and the situation around the company as a whole. We do not recommend that you hold short positions in stocks, we are only talking about the possible inclusion of shares of this company in our portfolio or not.

Easier, you can apply these values ​​as follows:

Rating = 0.1 to 4.0 – this is not a company! this is not the place in our service;

Rating = 4.1 to 6.4 – most likely the company is on the verge of bankruptcy or is going through the worst time, the risk is very high;

Rating = 6.5 to 7.0 – not for our portfolio, not a stable financial metrics, but everything can change, the risk is high;

Rating = 7.1 to 7.5 – closely following this company, medium risk;

Rating = 7.6 to 8.0 – what we were looking for, and this company is most likely already in our portfolio, the risk is minimal.

Rating = 8.1 to 9.0 – “first-class companies”, risk at the market level.

Rating = 9.1 to 10.0 – this is the grail, most likely there are none.

N.B. Looking at the rating, you should also remember about the fair price calculated earlier and compare with the current moment!
It should be understood that rating by our analysts is not a call to any action, it just means that we think about this company as a whole and how good it is for our portfolio.

ShareAnalyse Fair Value

We calculate the fair value of the company based on how much money the company will receive in the future.

One of the main methods of our calculation of the fair value of a share is the our financial model based on DCF.
The DCF is based on discounted cash flows, allowing the determination of the fair value of an asset for long-term investment or strategic purchase. In other words, it allows you to determine the value of the asset, taking into account the discount rate, which is calculated separately, or taken from existing analogues (for example, the inflation rate). Thus, you can determine the return on investment in an asset. This model is widely distributed among analysts and is designed for medium-term and long-term investments. The DCF analysis uses the company’s free cash flow (FCFF), final cost and weighted average cost of capital (WACC), at which FCFF and final cost are discounted to their current value. Future cash flows are calculated for a period of 5 to 10 years. 

It should be understood that our estimate of fair value is only our opinion and our calculation, which may not coincide with our colleagues.